C 130 Progressive Maintenance Program

Aircraft maintenance checks are periodic inspections that have to be done on all commercial and civil aircraft after a certain amount of time or usage. Military aircraft normally follow specific maintenance programmes which may, or may not, be similar to those of commercial and civil operators.^{[citation needed]}

Commercial aviation[edit]

Airlines and other commercial operators of large, or turbine-powered, aircraft follow a continuous inspection program approved by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the United States,^[1] or by other airworthiness authorities such as the Transport Canada Civil Aviation Directorate (TCCA), or the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). Each operator prepares a Continuous Airworthiness Maintenance Program (CAMP) under its Operations Specifications or 'OpSpecs'.^[2]The CAMP includes both routine and detailed inspections.

Thus, the maintenance packaging program for an A-340 or 777 is different from that followed by a 727/DC-8 generation airplane. That's all there is to this 'A' check, 'C' check stuff.

FAA Maintenance Review Board[edit]

In the United States the FAA directs that initial aircraft maintenance requirements be generated for each aircraft type in a Maintenance Review Board Report (MRBR)^[3] based on the analysis performed as outlined in ATA 'MSG-3 Operator/Manufacturer Scheduled Maintenance Development' document (MSG-3 is for Maintenance Steering Group – 3rd Task Force).^[3] The MRBR is an approved set of aircraft initial maintenance requirements as prescribed by the Appendix H to para. 25.1529 of 14 CFR part 25. Modern aircraft with MSG-3-derived maintenance programs employ usage parameters —such as flight hours, calendar time, or flight cycles—for each required maintenance task included in the MRBR. This allows for more flexibility in the scheduling of maintenance to minimize aircraft downtime.

ABC check system[edit]

Airlines and airworthiness authorities casually refer to the detailed inspections as 'checks', commonly one of the following: A check, B check, C check, or D check. A and B checks are lighter checks, while C and D are considered heavier checks. Aircraft operators may perform some work at their own facilities, but often checks, and especially the heavier checks, take place at maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) company sites.^[4]

A check[edit]

The A check is performed approximately every 400-600 flight hours, or every 200–300 flights, depending on aircraft type.^[5] It needs about 50-70 man-hours, and is usually performed in an airport hangar. The A check take a minimum of 10 man-hours. The actual occurrence of this check varies by aircraft type, the flight cycle count, or the number of hours flown since the last check. The occurrence can be delayed by the airline if certain predetermined conditions are met.

B check[edit]

The B check is performed approximately every 6-8 months. It takes about 160-180 man-hours, depending on the aircraft, and is usually completed within 1–3 days at an airport hangar. A similar occurrence schedule applies to the B check as to the A check. B checks are increasingly incorporated into successive A checks, i.e. checks A-1 through A-10 complete all the B check items.^[6]

C check[edit]

The C check is performed approximately every 20–24 months, or a specific number of actual flight hours (FH), or as defined by the manufacturer. This maintenance check is much more extensive than the B check, requiring a large majority of the aircraft's components to be inspected. This check puts the aircraft out of service for 1–2 weeks. The aircraft must not leave the maintenance site until it is completed. It also requires more space than A and B checks, therefore, it is usually carried out in a hangar at a maintenance base. The effort needed to complete a C check is up to 6,000 man-hours.

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3C check[edit]

Some authorities use a type of check, known as a 3C check or Intermediate Layover (IL), which typically includes light structural maintenance, including checks for corrosion, or on specific high-load parts of the airframe.^[7] The 3C check may also be used as the opportunity for cabin upgrades, e.g. new seats, entertainment systems, carpeting. This shortens the time the aircraft is out of service, by performing two distinct tasks simultaneously. As component reliability has improved, some MROs now spread the workload across several C checks, or incorporate this 3C check into D checks instead.^[8]

D check[edit]

The D check, sometimes known as a 'heavy maintenance visit' (HMV),^[9] is by far the most comprehensive and demanding check for an airplane. This check occurs approximately every 6-10 years.^[8] It is a check that more or less takes the entire airplane apart for inspection and overhaul. Even the paint may need to be completely removed for complete inspection of the fuselage metal skin. Such a check can generally take up to 50,000 man-hours, and 2 months to complete depending on the number of technicians involved.^[10] It also requires the most space of all maintenance checks, and as such must be performed at a suitable maintenance base. The requirements and the tremendous effort involved in this maintenance check make it by far the most expensive, with total costs for a single D check in the million-dollar range.^[11]

Because of the nature and the cost of a D check, most airlines — especially those with a large fleet — have to plan D checks for their aircraft years in advance. Often, older aircraft being phased out of a particular airline's fleet are either stored or scrapped upon reaching their next D check, due to the high costs involved in comparison to the aircraft's value.^[12] On average, a commercial aircraft undergoes two, or three, D checks before being retired.^[13]

Manufacturers often underestimate the cost of the D check. Boeing underestimates the cost for four of its aircraft, and the expectation is that they have underestimated it for the B787-9 which in 2018 had not been in service for long enough to have been put through a D check.^[14]

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All amounts in millions of United States dollars, as of 2018.^[14]

Comparison[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^AFS-600 (2008). 'Chapter 8. Inspection Fundamentals'. Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook(pdf). Federal Aviation Administration. pp. 8–15. FAA-H-8083-30. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-11-22. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
2. ^AFS (2009). 'Vol. 3 Chapters 18 & 43'. Flight Standards Information Management System. CHG 80. Federal Aviation Administration. Order 8900.1. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
3. ^ ^abMaintenance Review Boards, Maintenance Type Boards, and OEM/TCH Recommended Maintenance Procedures(pdf). Federal Aviation Administration. 2012. Advisory Circular 121-22C. Retrieved 2019-05-16.
4. ^'UK Aerospace Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul & Logistics Industry Analysis'(PDF). UK Government Department for Business, Innovation & Skills. p. 16. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
5. ^Kinnison, Harry; Siddiqui, Tariq (2011). Aviation Maintenance Management (2 ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 122. ISBN978-0-07-180502-5.
6. ^'The A, C and D of aircraft maintenance'. Qantas.
7. ^'Major maintenance due for A380s'. MRO Network. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
8. ^ ^ab'Aircraft maintenance at Lufthansa Technik'. Lufthansa Technik. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
9. ^'Glossary of aircraft maintenance terms and abbreviations'. Monarch Engineering. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
10. ^'Overhaul'. Lufthansa Technik. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
11. ^Fabozzi, Frank, ed. (2000). Investing in asset-backed securities. New Hope, PA: Frank J. Fabozzi Associates. p. 156. ISBN1883249805. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
12. ^'The Relationship between an Aircraft's Value and its Maintenance Status'(PDF). Aircraft Monitor. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
13. ^Scheinberg, Ronald (2017). The Commercial Aircraft Finance Handbook. Routledge. ISBN1351364219. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
14. ^ ^ab'Maintenance Reserves Need to Account for Realistic D Check Costs'. Aircraft Value News. October 29, 2018.
15. ^Bernie Baldwin (Sep 7, 2018). 'Profitability Is Aim Of Crossover Jets' Better Maintainability'. Aviation Week & Space Technology.
16. ^Michael Gubisch (14 July 2017). 'How has the CSeries performed in service?'. Flightglobal.
17. ^'Extension lead'. MRO management. March 2017.
18. ^'ATR extends Type 'A' Maintenance Visit Intervals' (Press release). ATR. 25 February 2019.
19. ^'CRJ Series Certified for Higher Maintenance Intervals' (Press release). Bombardier. September 24, 2018.
20. ^'Singapore: Bombardier to take Q400 up to 90 seats'. flightglobal. 17 February 2016.
21. ^Fred George (Mar 25, 2019). 'Bombardier Global 7500: A Personal Flying Flagship Without Equal'. Business & Commercial Aviation.
22. ^'Company presentation & improvements'. Turkish Technic. November 2013.
23. ^'747‑8 Offers Operational Improvements and Cross-Model Commonality'(PDF). AERO Quarterly. Boeing. Oct 2010.

External links[edit]

• Alex Derber (Aug 29, 2018). 'How The A320 Overtook The 737, And MRO Implications'. Aviation Week Network.

Lockheed Martin (NYSE: LMT) has secured six contracts worth up to $198.4 million combined to deliver C-130 Hercules aircraft training systems and maintenance services to multiple Defense Department clients.

The company said Monday it will help the U.S. Air Force study common architectures of various simulator elements to establish a common approach across all training systems for future acquisitions.

The Air Force Special Operations Command selected Lockheed to supply five C-130J Super Hercules weapon system trainers in the special mission and gunship variants.

Lockheed also received a pair of contracts from the Air Mobility Command to modernize two C-130J fuselage trainers; two visual systems on flight simulators; and 13 AMC trainers at various Air Force bases in U.S. and Europe.

Other deals cover the provision of reconfigurable C-130J weapon system trainer and associated support services for the Air National Guard as well as four KC-130J observer trainers to the Naval Air Systems Command.

Lockheed is also scheduled to open a Hercules training facility in the second quarter of 2018 to train future air mobility pilots and crews for the C-130J airlifter and LM-100J commercial freighter platforms.